How to Secure Aircraft Financing: A Comprehensive Guide

Aircraft financing plays a crucial role in the aviation industry, enabling individuals and businesses to acquire aircraft without substantial upfront costs. From light sport aircraft to business jets, various financing options are available to suit different needs and budgets. Understanding the intricacies of aircraft loans, interest rates, and funding solutions is essential for anyone looking to secure financing for their aviation endeavors.

This comprehensive guide explores the key aspects of aircraft financing, including eligible aircraft types, factors lenders consider during the underwriting process, and common financing structures. It also delves into potential pitfalls to avoid when seeking private plane or jet funding. By the end, readers will have a solid grasp of the loan approval process, closing procedures, and how to navigate the complex world of aviation financing with confidence.

Types of Aircraft Eligible for Financing

Aircraft financing is available for a wide range of aircraft types, catering to various aviation needs and budgets. Lenders offer funding solutions for both new and used aircraft, with options spanning from small personal planes to larger business jets.

Piston aircraft

Piston-engine planes are popular choices for personal and small business use. These aircraft, such as the Cirrus SR22, Piper Saratoga, and Beechcraft Bonanza, are often eligible for financing. Lenders typically offer competitive rates and terms for piston aircraft, with loan amounts ranging from $70,000 to $2 million For aircraft manufactured after 1960, lenders usually require a minimum down payment of 15%, while older models may require 20% .

Turboprops

Turboprop aircraft, like the Beechcraft King Air, Piper M-600, and Socata TBM 700, are also eligible for financing. These planes offer increased performance and efficiency compared to piston aircraft. Lenders often provide long-term financing solutions for turboprops that are 25 years old or newer, operated for personal and business use under FAR Part 91 2.

Light sport aircraft

Light sport aircraft (LSA) financing has become more accessible in recent years. Lenders typically look for at least 25 registered aircraft of the same make and model with the FAA, along with three comparable listings, to determine loan eligibility and terms . While some lenders may have restrictions, others offer flexible options for financing LSAs.

Business jets

Business jet financing is available for a variety of makes and sizes, from light jets to large-cabin aircraft. New private jets can cost between $7 million and $75 million, with some modified commercial-sized aircraft exceeding this range . Lenders offer various financing structures, including fixed rates, floating rates, and hybrids, with loan-to-value ratios of up to 85% and terms extending to 20 years.

Experimental aircraft

Financing options exist for experimental aircraft, although they may have specific requirements. Lenders typically need at least 25 aircraft of the same make and model registered with the FAA. Loan terms for experimental aircraft can include up to 15% down payment, 10 to 20-year loan terms, and competitive interest rates based on the aircraft make and model.

In addition to these categories, financing is also available for helicopters, vintage aircraft, warbirds, and even power gliders. The availability of aircraft financing options has made it possible for individuals and businesses to acquire a wide range of aircraft without substantial upfront costs. However, it's important to note that loan terms, interest rates, and down payment requirements may vary depending on the aircraft type, age, and the borrower's financial profile.

Key Factors Lenders Consider

When evaluating aircraft financing applications, lenders take into account several crucial factors to assess the risk and determine the loan terms. Understanding these factors can help potential borrowers prepare for the loan approval process and increase their chances of securing favorable financing options.

Borrower's creditworthiness

A borrower's creditworthiness plays a significant role in the aircraft financing process. Lenders typically look for a credit score of 700 or better, along with a clean credit history. This means no bankruptcies, foreclosures, outstanding collections, recent delinquencies, or late payments. The credit score represents the borrower's creditworthiness and helps lenders determine their risk in providing a loan.

Lenders also consider the debt-to-income (DTI) ratio, which compares monthly income to monthly debt service requirements. To qualify for an aircraft loan, the DTI ratio should not exceed 40% to 45% of monthly income. This ratio helps lenders assess the borrower's ability to take on new debt and make regular payments.

Aircraft age and condition

The age and condition of the aircraft significantly influence financing options and loan terms. Generally, older aircraft have fewer financing options, especially for turbine airplanes and piston twins. Lenders may offer higher interest rates or require larger down payments for older aircraft due to increased maintenance requirements and potential difficulties in obtaining parts.

The aircraft's avionics equipment also plays a crucial role in determining its value and financing options. A good airframe with outdated avionics can be challenging to finance, as avionics equipment significantly drives the value of existing airplanes. Lenders pay close attention to recent avionics updates, as their value typically depreciates to zero after three years.

Intended use (personal vs. commercial)

The intended use of the aircraft affects loan terms and conditions. Lenders consider whether the aircraft will be used for personal, business, or commercial purposes. An aircraft for personal use may receive different terms compared to one used by a flight school or charter outfit 7. Commercial use often results in higher depreciation and wear and tear, which can impact the loan terms offered.

Loan-to-value ratio

The loan-to-value (LTV) ratio is a critical factor in aircraft financing. It refers to the percentage of the aircraft's value that the lender is willing to finance. Most common LTV ratios range from 75% to 80% for recourse loans 8. Lenders typically order a professional appraisal to establish the initial fair market value of the aircraft.

A lower LTV ratio often results in better interest rates and terms. Some lenders include periodic LTV testing in financing documents, which may trigger mandatory partial prepayments if the aircraft's value drops below the specified LTV ratio 9. This helps lenders manage their risk and ensure the loan remains adequately secured throughout its term.

By understanding these key factors, potential borrowers can better prepare for the aircraft financing process and improve their chances of securing favorable loan terms. It's essential to provide comprehensive information about the aircraft, maintain a strong credit profile, and have sufficient liquidity to meet down payment requirements and demonstrate the ability to maintain the airplane.

Comparing Financing Structures

When seeking aircraft financing, borrowers encounter various loan structures, each with its own advantages and considerations. Understanding these options helps in making informed decisions that align with financial goals and aircraft ownership plans.

Fixed vs. variable interest rates

Aircraft financing offers both fixed and variable interest rate options. Fixed rates provide stability, guaranteeing a consistent monthly payment throughout the loan term. This structure is ideal for those planning long-term ownership, typically a decade or more 10. However, fixed rates may be higher initially compared to variable rates.

Variable or floating rates, on the other hand, fluctuate based on market conditions. These rates often start lower than fixed rates but carry the risk of increasing over time. Some lenders offer hybrid structures, such as adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs), which start with a fixed rate for an initial period (usually three to five years) before switching to a variable rate 10.

Balloon payments

Balloon payment structures are common in aircraft financing, especially for turboprops and business jets. In this arrangement, the loan amortization period is longer than the actual loan term. For example, a five-year loan might have a 15 to 20-year amortization schedule 10. This structure results in lower monthly payments throughout the loan term, with a large final payment (the "balloon") due at the end.

Balloon payments can be advantageous for borrowers who anticipate owning the aircraft for a shorter period or expect to refinance before the balloon comes due. However, it's crucial to plan for the substantial final payment to avoid financial strain.

Amortization schedules

Lenders offer various amortization schedules to suit different financial situations. Common options include:

Straight-line amortization: Equal principal payments are made throughout the loan term, with interest calculated on the remaining balance.

Mortgage-style or annuity-style amortization: The sum of principal repayment and interest remains level throughout the loan term.
Customized schedules: Some lenders offer flexible options such as high-low, low-high, or seasonally adjusted debt service to accommodate specific cash flow needs.

The choice of amortization schedule affects monthly payments and the total interest paid over the life of the loan. Longer amortization periods generally result in lower monthly payments but may increase the total interest paid.

Prepayment penalties

Many aircraft loans include prepayment penalties, which are fees charged if the borrower pays off the loan before a specified time. These penalties help lenders cover their costs and mitigate the risk of early loan termination.

Prepayment penalties typically apply for the first six to 36 months of the loan term. The exact terms vary by lender and loan structure. Some lenders may be willing to negotiate or waive prepayment penalties under certain conditions, such as when the borrower is refinancing with the same lender for a new aircraft purchase.

Understanding these financing structures is crucial when seeking aircraft funding. Borrowers should carefully consider their long-term plans, cash flow requirements, and risk tolerance when choosing between fixed and variable rates, balloon payments, amortization schedules, and prepayment penalty terms. Consulting with aircraft financing experts can help in navigating these options and securing the most suitable loan structure for individual needs.

Common Pitfalls to Avoid

Securing aircraft financing requires careful consideration of various factors to avoid potential setbacks. Understanding common pitfalls can help borrowers navigate the process more effectively and secure favorable loan terms.

Overlooking insurance requirements

One critical mistake in aircraft financing is underestimating the importance of insurance coverage. Lenders typically require full liability and hull coverage sufficient to protect their loan and lien amount. The insurance policy should include a 30-day cancelation notice to the lender and a lienholder's endorsement, also known as a "Breach of Warranty". This endorsement not only verifies that the aircraft owner has adequate hull coverage but also protects the lender in the event of a total loss.

Insurers closely examine pilot qualifications, total flight hours, currency, and flight history when determining coverage and premiums. In some cases, a combination of pilot inexperience and aircraft complexity could result in cost-prohibitive premiums or even a refusal to write a policy. Without proper insurance, there can be no financing. It's crucial to reach out to aviation insurance companies early in the process to get an accurate indication of potential costs and coverage options.

Underestimating operating costs

A common mistake in aircraft ownership is failing to consider all expenses associated with operating and maintaining the aircraft. Many new owners overlook certain costs, leading to an inaccurate representation of the true cost of ownership. Operating expenses can be categorized into four components: direct, fixed, reserves, and variable costs.

Direct costs include out-of-pocket expenses such as fuel, oil, and landing fees, which depend on how much the aircraft is flown 16. Fixed expenses, such as insurance, hangar fees, and annual inspections, remain constant regardless of flight time 16. Reserve funds should be established for expensive engine, propeller, avionics, and airframe overhauls 16. Variable expenses, often deriving from unscheduled maintenance, can be the most challenging to predict and can significantly impact a carefully constructed budget.

Ignoring tax implications

Understanding the tax implications of aircraft ownership is crucial for optimizing financial benefits. The choice between personal and business ownership can have significant tax consequences. Depreciation is a fundamental concept in aviation taxation, allowing owners to recover the aircraft's cost over time and reduce taxable income. However, maintaining detailed records of aircraft usage is essential, as the IRS may require them to substantiate depreciation deductions.

The decision to pay cash or finance the purchase also has tax implications. Financing allows for interest deductions, which can reduce overall tax liability. To qualify for these deductions, the aircraft must be primarily used for business purposes. Additionally, the Section 179 deduction and bonus depreciation provisions can offer substantial tax savings for businesses acquiring aircraft.

Failing to conduct proper due diligence

Comprehensive due diligence is essential in aircraft transactions to ensure transparency and compliance with legal and regulatory requirements 18. Failing to conduct thorough due diligence can expose buyers to legal, financial, and reputational risks. The process involves investigating all aspects of the deal, including identifying the Ultimate Beneficial Owner (UBO) and performing title searches to uncover any blemishes.

Due diligence is not a one-time process but requires ongoing monitoring, especially in long-term relationships with clients. Continuous screening and updating of information are crucial to mitigate potential risks. Collaborating with all parties involved, including buyers, sellers, brokers, escrow agents, and legal advisors, is essential for a transparent and compliant transaction.

Conclusion

Securing aircraft financing involves a deep dive into various aspects, from understanding eligible aircraft types to navigating complex loan structures. The process has a significant impact on the aviation industry, enabling individuals and businesses to acquire aircraft without massive upfront costs. By grasping the key factors lenders consider, such as creditworthiness and aircraft condition, potential borrowers can boost their chances of getting favorable loan terms.

To wrap up, it's crucial to avoid common pitfalls like underestimating operating costs or ignoring tax implications. A thorough understanding of insurance requirements and the importance of due diligence can make the difference between a smooth transaction and potential financial strain. With careful planning and consideration of all aspects discussed, aspiring aircraft owners can navigate the financing process with confidence, bringing their aviation dreams closer to reality.